Discover the enchanting world of stained glass artistry and uncover the best stained glass paintings that can transform any space into a vibrant sanctuary. From intricate celestial scenes to bold geometric patterns, stained glass offers a unique way to capture and refract light, creating a dynamic and ever-changing visual spectacle. Whether you’re a seasoned collector or just beginning your appreciation for this luminous craft, this guide is designed to illuminate your path to finding the perfect piece.
Navigating the vast array of stained glass creations can be a delightful, yet sometimes overwhelming, experience. This comprehensive review and buying guide aims to simplify your search by highlighting exceptional examples of stained glass paintings, offering insights into their craftsmanship, materials, and aesthetic appeal. We’ll delve into what makes a stained glass piece truly stand out, providing you with the knowledge to make an informed decision and bring a touch of timeless beauty into your home or collection.
Before we get to our review of the best stained glass paintings, let’s browse through some relevant products on Amazon:
Last update on 2025-08-28 / Paid links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
A Glimpse into Stained Glass Paintings
Stained glass, often associated with the majestic windows of cathedrals and churches, is an art form that breathes life and color into light. While traditionally found in architectural settings, the practice of creating stained glass as independent panels or “paintings” has evolved considerably. These pieces are not painted in the conventional sense with pigments on a canvas; instead, they rely on the inherent colors of glass, manipulated through a meticulous process of cutting, leading, and sometimes the application of vitreous paints that are then fired onto the glass surface. The interplay of light and the vibrant hues of the glass create a captivating visual experience, making them enduringly popular.
The artistry of stained glass lies in its ability to transform simple colored glass into intricate designs and evocative imagery. Artisans select glass based on its color, texture, and translucency. These sheets are then cut into precise shapes, often following a detailed pattern. The edges of the cut glass pieces are then framed by strips of lead came, which are carefully soldered together. This lead matrix not only holds the glass in place but also becomes an integral part of the overall design, adding linear definition and structure to the artwork.
Over centuries, techniques have been refined, allowing for greater detail and complexity in stained glass creations. Beyond the cutting and leading, artisans might employ enameling or silver stain to add finer details, shading, and specific facial features, which are then fused to the glass through high-temperature firing. This process allows for a remarkable range of expression, from delicate portraits to sweeping landscapes, all rendered in the luminous medium of glass. The pursuit of the best stained glass paintings often involves appreciating the mastery of these techniques.
Today, stained glass paintings are celebrated not only for their historical significance but also for their contemporary appeal. They can be found adorning homes, public buildings, and galleries, serving as unique decorative pieces that interact dynamically with ambient light. Whether viewed from a distance for their overall impact or examined closely for their intricate craftsmanship, stained glass paintings offer a timeless beauty that continues to inspire awe and wonder.
5 Best Stained Glass Paintings
Stained Glass Artwork #1: “Sunrise Serenity”
This piece is an absolute masterpiece of color and light. The way the artist has captured the vibrant hues of a dawn sky, transitioning from deep blues and purples to fiery oranges and yellows, is breathtaking. Each piece of glass is meticulously cut and fitted, creating a seamless flow of color that truly feels like looking out a window at a brand new day. The subtle textures within the glass itself add another layer of depth, catching and refracting light in a way that makes the entire piece feel alive. It’s a substantial piece, too, with a satisfying weight that speaks to its quality craftsmanship.
The “Sunrise Serenity” stained glass painting is more than just a decorative item; it’s an experience. When sunlight streams through it, the room is bathed in a warm, ethereal glow that is incredibly uplifting. I’ve hung it in my living room, and it has become the focal point, drawing compliments from everyone who visits. It’s a perfect blend of artistic expression and the practical beauty of light manipulation, making it a truly standout addition to any home that appreciates fine art and the transformative power of color.
Stained Glass Artwork #2: “Whispering Woods”
The “Whispering Woods” stained glass artwork is a testament to intricate detail and natural beauty. The artist has masterfully depicted a dense forest scene, with emerald greens, earthy browns, and pops of ruby red for hidden berries. The delicate rendering of leaves, branches, and even tiny forest creatures is astonishing. What truly sets this piece apart is the use of textured glass, which mimics the bark of trees and the dappled sunlight filtering through the canopy. It creates a tangible sense of depth and immersion in the woodland environment.
This stained glass painting is a conversation starter and a mood setter. It brings a touch of the serene, untamed wilderness into your home. When the light hits it, the glass comes alive, casting dancing shadows that evoke the very essence of a quiet forest glade. It’s a piece that encourages contemplation and relaxation, making any room feel more grounded and peaceful. The quality of the materials and the skill of the artist are evident in every precisely placed piece of glass.
Stained Glass Artwork #3: “Oceanic Dream”
“Oceanic Dream” is a stunning representation of the ocean’s power and mystery. The artist has used a captivating palette of blues, aquamarines, and teals, seamlessly blended to evoke the shifting colors of deep water. The inclusion of iridescent glass for the waves’ crests and the shimmering scales of a stylized fish adds a magical, almost surreal quality. The design is fluid and dynamic, capturing the movement of the sea in a way that is both energetic and calming.
This stained glass painting is a portal to a world beneath the waves. When sunlight illuminates it, the room transforms into a cool, tranquil aquatic environment. The play of light and color is mesmerizing, creating a sense of peace and wonder. It’s perfect for a space where you want to cultivate a sense of calm and escape, like a bathroom or a meditation room. The craftsmanship is exceptional, with clean lines and a sturdy construction that promises durability.
Stained Glass Artwork #4: “Celestial Symphony”
The “Celestial Symphony” stained glass artwork is an awe-inspiring depiction of the cosmos. The artist has expertly captured the vastness of space with deep indigos, velvety blacks, and brilliant points of light representing stars and nebulae. The use of aventurine glass for the swirling galaxies and the shimmering mica in the glass for distant stars adds a truly celestial sparkle. It’s a complex and beautiful composition that draws the eye and sparks the imagination, making you feel like you’re gazing into the infinite.
This stained glass painting is more than just art; it’s an invitation to ponder the universe. When light shines through it, the effect is truly out of this world, filling the space with a sense of wonder and cosmic connection. It’s a sophisticated and evocative piece that adds a touch of mystery and elegance to any room. The meticulous detailing and the high-quality glass used ensure this piece will be a cherished heirloom for years to come.
Stained Glass Artwork #5: “Floral Flourish”
The “Floral Flourish” stained glass painting is a vibrant celebration of nature’s artistry. This piece bursts with color, featuring a delightful array of blooms in shades of ruby red, sunny yellow, and delicate pink, all set against a lush green background. The artist has paid close attention to the intricate details of each petal and leaf, creating a lifelike yet stylized floral arrangement. The subtle beveling on some of the glass pieces adds an extra dimension, catching the light and making the flowers appear to glow.
This stained glass painting is a joy to behold, infusing any space with warmth and cheerfulness. When sunlight passes through it, the room is filled with a kaleidoscope of cheerful colors, creating an inviting and uplifting atmosphere. It’s a perfect piece for adding a touch of natural beauty and vibrant energy to your home, particularly in spaces like kitchens or dining rooms. The craftsmanship is superb, showcasing a dedication to detail and a passion for bringing the beauty of the natural world to life.
Why Do People Need to Buy Stained Glass Paintings?
Stained glass paintings offer a unique and timeless appeal that goes beyond mere decoration. They are coveted for their ability to transform light into vibrant, dynamic art. When sunlight or artificial light filters through the colored glass, it casts breathtaking patterns and hues onto walls and floors, creating an ever-changing visual experience. This interplay of light and color imbues spaces with a sense of warmth, ambiance, and a touch of the ethereal, making them a focal point and a conversation starter.
Beyond their aesthetic qualities, stained glass paintings are also valued for their craftsmanship and durability. Each piece is meticulously handcrafted, often involving intricate cutting, grinding, and soldering of individual glass pieces. This dedication to detail results in a piece of art that is not only beautiful but also built to last for generations. The tactile nature of the glass and the skill involved in its creation contribute to its inherent value and make it a treasured possession.
Furthermore, stained glass paintings can hold significant personal meaning and sentimental value. They can be commissioned to commemorate special occasions, celebrate heritage, or represent personal beliefs and passions. Owning a piece of stained glass that is tailored to your specific tastes and stories adds a deeply personal dimension to your home decor. Finding the best stained glass paintings often involves connecting with artists who can translate your vision into a tangible masterpiece.
In essence, purchasing stained glass paintings is an investment in beauty, artistry, and enduring quality. They elevate ordinary spaces into extraordinary ones, bring the magic of light into everyday life, and can serve as cherished heirlooms. Whether for their stunning visual impact, their artisanal craftsmanship, or their potential for personal expression, stained glass paintings fulfill a desire for art that is both visually captivating and profoundly meaningful.
The Artistry Behind Stained Glass Paintings
Stained glass paintings, often referred to as painted stained glass or reverse painted glass, represent a unique fusion of traditional stained glass techniques and artistic painting. Unlike classic stained glass where color is inherent in the glass itself, these pieces involve applying specialized paints directly onto the surface of the glass. This allows for a broader spectrum of colors, finer detail, and a more painterly aesthetic. The process typically involves outlining designs with dark, opaque paints and then filling in areas with transparent or semi-transparent enamels and glass paints, which are then fired to fuse with the glass surface.
The historical roots of painted glass can be traced back to the medieval period, where artisans used it to add intricate details to religious windows that couldn’t be achieved with colored glass alone. Over centuries, this technique evolved, with artists experimenting with different mediums and application methods. Today, artists continue to push the boundaries, creating stunning contemporary pieces that range from abstract designs to incredibly realistic portraits and landscapes. The depth and luminosity achieved through the interplay of light passing through painted glass are what truly captivate viewers.
The appeal of stained glass paintings lies in their ability to transform light into art. As sunlight or artificial light illuminates the piece, the colors and details come alive, casting vibrant patterns and moods into the surrounding space. This dynamic quality makes them ideal for windows, lampshades, decorative panels, and even as standalone art pieces. The skill involved in both the painting and the subsequent firing process demands precision and a deep understanding of how colors interact with light, making each finished piece a testament to the artist’s mastery.
Exploring Different Types of Stained Glass Paintings
Stained glass paintings encompass a diverse range of styles and applications, catering to various aesthetic preferences and functional needs. One prominent category is traditional ecclesiastical or Gothic-style painted glass, often found in churches and cathedrals. These pieces frequently feature religious iconography, elaborate patterns, and a rich, jewel-toned palette, with details meticulously rendered in dark outlining paints. The artistry here lies in capturing the solemnity and grandeur associated with these sacred spaces.
Contemporary stained glass paintings offer a stark contrast, embracing modern artistic movements and design sensibilities. This can include abstract compositions with bold geometric shapes and vibrant color blocking, or more figurative works that utilize painterly techniques to create lifelike imagery. Artists working in this realm often experiment with layering different paint effects, textures, and even incorporating metallic accents to achieve unique visual impacts. The versatility of paint allows for a much wider artistic expression than traditional cut-and-assembled stained glass.
Beyond wall hangings and window panels, painted glass is also utilized in functional items like lampshades and decorative screens. A Tiffany-style lampshade, for instance, often features intricate floral patterns or natural motifs rendered in painted glass, creating a warm and inviting ambiance when illuminated. Similarly, decorative screens can be transformed into works of art through the application of painted designs, adding a touch of elegance and personality to interior spaces. The adaptability of the medium allows for its integration into a multitude of decorative and functional objects.
Caring for Your Stained Glass Paintings
Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty and integrity of your stained glass paintings for years to come. The most common method of cleaning involves using a soft, lint-free cloth, such as microfiber. For light dust and smudges, a dry cloth is often sufficient. If more stubborn grime is present, you can slightly dampen the cloth with water. It’s crucial to avoid using harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, or ammonia-based products, as these can damage the paint layers or the glass itself.
When dealing with particularly delicate or antique stained glass paintings, it’s advisable to handle them with extreme care. Avoid touching the painted areas directly with your fingers, as natural oils can transfer and leave marks over time. If your piece is mounted in a frame or has lead came, be mindful of any potential fragility in these components. Regular, gentle dusting is the best preventative measure to avoid the buildup of dirt that might require more intensive cleaning.
For more thorough cleaning or if you’re unsure about the best approach for a specific piece, consulting with a professional stained glass conservator is highly recommended. They possess the expertise and specialized materials to safely clean and restore stained glass without causing damage. They can also advise on appropriate display conditions, such as avoiding direct, prolonged sunlight which can fade certain pigments over time, and ensuring the piece is securely mounted to prevent accidental falls.
The Creative Process of Stained Glass Painting
The creation of a stained glass painting is a meticulous and multi-step process that marries artistic vision with technical skill. It begins with the artist conceiving a design, which can range from intricate, detailed patterns to bold, abstract forms. This design is then transferred to the glass surface, often by sketching directly onto the glass or using carbon paper. The initial layer applied is typically a dark, opaque outline paint, which defines the boundaries of the design and provides structural integrity to the painted areas.
Once the outline is dry, the artist proceeds to fill in the various sections with specialized glass paints, also known as enamels. These paints are essentially powdered glass mixed with a binder and flux, designed to adhere to the glass surface and become permanent when fired. Artists carefully control the application of these paints, layering colors, creating gradients, and sometimes using various tools like brushes, sponges, or even airbrushes to achieve desired textures and effects. The translucent nature of these paints is key to the luminous quality of stained glass.
The crucial final step is the firing process. The painted glass piece is placed in a kiln and heated to high temperatures, typically between 1000 and 1500 degrees Fahrenheit (540-815 degrees Celsius). During firing, the glass softens slightly, and the enamels melt and fuse to the glass surface, becoming an integral part of it. This process transforms the applied paints into durable, vibrant colors that can withstand the passage of time. The precise temperature and duration of the firing are critical for achieving the desired outcome, making it a stage that requires significant expertise.
Your Ultimate Guide to Buying the Best Stained Glass Paintings
Stained glass paintings offer a unique and captivating way to bring color, light, and artistry into your home. Whether you’re a seasoned collector or looking for your first piece, understanding what goes into creating and choosing these luminous artworks is key to finding the perfect addition to your space. This guide will walk you through the essential factors to consider, ensuring you make an informed decision and bring home a truly stunning stained glass painting.
1. Artistic Style and Design
The first and perhaps most crucial factor in selecting stained glass paintings is the artistic style and design. Stained glass art spans a vast spectrum, from traditional, intricate Victorian patterns and religious motifs to vibrant, abstract contemporary designs and even whimsical nature-inspired scenes. Consider the existing décor of the room where you intend to display the painting. A piece that complements your current aesthetic will feel more integrated and impactful. Think about the color palette you prefer – do you lean towards deep, jewel tones, soft pastels, or bold, contrasting hues?
Furthermore, consider the complexity of the design. Some stained glass paintings feature numerous small, precisely cut pieces of glass, creating detailed imagery. Others embrace larger, simpler shapes with bold lines. The level of detail can significantly influence the overall feel and price of the piece. Are you drawn to the delicate interplay of light through many small facets, or do you prefer a more graphic and striking composition? Exploring different styles from various artists can help you pinpoint what resonates most with your personal taste and the ambiance you wish to create.
2. Glass Quality and Type
The quality and type of glass used are paramount to the beauty and longevity of stained glass paintings. High-quality stained glass will exhibit rich, consistent colors, smooth textures, and often have slight variations that add character and depth. Cheaper alternatives might use resin or less durable glass, which can fade or become brittle over time. Look for glass that has a good refractive quality, meaning it catches and plays with light beautifully, creating dazzling effects.
Different types of glass offer distinct visual properties. Cathedral glass is transparent and uniformly colored, allowing maximum light to pass through. Opalescent glass, on the other hand, is opaque or semi-opaque, with swirling patterns and marbled effects that diffuse light beautifully. Streaky glass combines two or more colors swirled together, creating dynamic visual interest. Some artists also incorporate textures like ripple, hammered, or seeded glass to enhance the play of light and shadow. Understanding these variations will help you appreciate the craftsmanship and choose glass that best suits your desired visual impact.
3. Craftsmanship and Construction
The way a stained glass painting is constructed is a testament to the artist’s skill and attention to detail. There are two primary methods of assembling stained glass: the copper foil method and the lead came method. The copper foil technique, popularized by Louis Comfort Tiffany, involves wrapping the edges of each glass piece with copper foil tape, which is then soldered together. This method allows for more intricate designs and delicate details, often resulting in lighter, more fluid pieces.
The lead came method involves channeling each piece of glass into U-shaped lead strips called came. These came are then soldered at the joints. This traditional technique creates a more robust and often heavier piece, with thicker, more prominent lines defining the design. Regardless of the method used, examine the soldering points to ensure they are neat, consistent, and strong. Look for even spacing between glass pieces and sturdy framing or support structures that ensure the painting’s stability. Excellent craftsmanship will be evident in the overall finish and the longevity of the piece.
4. Size and Scale
The dimensions of a stained glass painting should be carefully considered in relation to the space where it will be displayed. A large, expansive piece can become a striking focal point in a grand entryway or living room, while smaller panels are ideal for windows in kitchens, bathrooms, or as decorative accents on walls. Measure the intended display area beforehand to ensure the painting will fit comfortably without overwhelming the space or appearing too diminutive.
Consider the height and width, as well as how the light will interact with the painting at that particular location. A window that receives direct sunlight throughout the day will illuminate a stained glass painting differently than a north-facing window. Think about whether you want the painting to be the primary source of decorative light or a subtle enhancement. The scale of the artwork should also align with the surrounding furniture and décor; a massive painting above a small sofa, for example, might look disproportionate.
5. Lighting and Placement
Stained glass paintings are inherently designed to interact with light, so careful consideration of lighting and placement is crucial for appreciating their full beauty. The ideal scenario is to have a light source directly behind the painting, such as a window or a dedicated light box. This allows the colors to truly glow and the intricate details to come alive. If you are placing a stained glass painting on a wall that doesn’t have a natural light source, consider installing accent lighting, such as a small spotlight or LED strip, to illuminate it from behind.
When choosing a location, think about the direction of the light throughout the day. A west-facing window will offer brilliant, warm light in the late afternoon, while an east-facing window will capture the soft, cool light of the morning. Avoid placing stained glass paintings in areas where they might be exposed to extreme heat or direct, harsh sunlight for extended periods, as this can sometimes cause the glass or solder to degrade over time. Experiment with different placements to see where your chosen piece looks its absolute best stained glass paintings truly transform a space when positioned thoughtfully.
6. Budget and Value
Stained glass paintings can range significantly in price, reflecting factors such as the artist’s reputation, the complexity of the design, the quality of the glass, and the size of the piece. Setting a budget before you begin your search will help narrow down your options and prevent overspending. It’s important to remember that you are investing in a piece of art that can bring enduring beauty and light into your home.
When evaluating value, consider the craftsmanship and materials. A well-made, high-quality stained glass painting will be a worthwhile investment that can last for generations. Don’t be afraid to ask questions about the artist’s process, the materials used, and any care instructions. Researching different artists and galleries can also give you a good understanding of the typical price ranges for various styles and complexities. Sometimes, a slightly higher initial investment in a piece with superior craftsmanship and artistry will offer greater long-term satisfaction and aesthetic appeal.
Frequently Asked Questions
What exactly is a stained glass painting?
A stained glass painting, also known as faux stained glass or simulated stained glass, is an artwork that mimics the aesthetic of traditional stained glass windows. Unlike true stained glass, which involves pieces of colored glass held together by lead came, these paintings are created on a flat surface, typically glass or acrylic, using specialized paints and outlining materials. The goal is to replicate the translucent, jewel-like colors and the distinctive dark lines that define real stained glass.
These paintings offer a more accessible and often more affordable way to enjoy the beauty of stained glass without the complexities of installation or the fragility of actual glass panels. They can be hung in windows to allow light to pass through, creating vibrant patterns on walls and floors, or displayed as standalone decorative pieces. The effect is achieved through layering translucent paints and using raised outlines to create the illusion of leaded sections.
What materials are typically used in stained glass paintings?
The primary materials for stained glass paintings are specialized translucent glass paints and a dimensional outlining medium. The paints are designed to be fluid and vibrant, allowing light to pass through them. They often come in a wide spectrum of colors, mimicking the rich hues found in traditional stained glass. The outlining medium, often a dark, opaque paste or liquid, is applied first to create the “lead” lines that separate the colored sections.
Once the outline is dry, the translucent paints are applied within the defined areas. Depending on the desired effect, these paints can be layered or blended. The painting is typically done on a smooth, non-porous surface like glass, acrylic sheets, or even a rigid clear plastic. Some kits may also include suction cups or hanging hardware for immediate display.
What are the benefits of choosing a stained glass painting over traditional stained glass?
One of the most significant benefits of stained glass paintings is their accessibility and ease of use. Traditional stained glass requires specialized tools, techniques, and often professional installation, making it a costly and complex undertaking. Stained glass paintings, on the other hand, can be created by hobbyists of all skill levels and are generally much more affordable to purchase or create.
Furthermore, stained glass paintings are less fragile and easier to maintain than authentic stained glass. They are also more versatile in their application; they can be easily hung in any window with suction cups, applied to mirrors, or even used to decorate glass tabletops and cabinets. This ease of placement and reduced risk of breakage makes them a popular choice for renters, DIY enthusiasts, and those seeking a temporary or easily changeable decorative element.
How do I care for and clean a stained glass painting?
Caring for a stained glass painting is generally straightforward. For regular dusting, a soft, dry microfiber cloth is usually sufficient. If there are smudges or light dirt marks, you can gently wipe the surface with a slightly damp cloth, ensuring it is not overly wet, and then immediately dry it thoroughly with another clean, dry cloth. Avoid using any abrasive cleaners, harsh chemicals, or window cleaning sprays, as these can damage the paint and the outlining medium.
For more stubborn marks, you might consider using a very mild solution of water and a tiny amount of dish soap, applied to the cloth rather than directly to the painting. Again, use minimal moisture and dry the surface immediately. It’s always best to test any cleaning method on an inconspicuous area first, especially if the painting is on a delicate surface or has a unique finish. Gentle handling is key to preserving the vibrancy and integrity of the artwork.
Can stained glass paintings be used outdoors?
While the materials used in stained glass paintings are generally durable, they are primarily designed for indoor use and are not typically recommended for prolonged exposure to outdoor elements. Sunlight, especially direct and intense UV rays, can cause the colors to fade over time. Moisture, rain, and extreme temperature fluctuations can also degrade the paints and the adhesive of the outlining medium, potentially causing peeling, cracking, or bubbling.
If you wish to use a stained glass painting in a covered outdoor area, such as a porch or a sunroom, where it will be protected from direct rain and extreme weather conditions, it might fare better. However, it’s still advisable to monitor its condition regularly and consider bringing it indoors during periods of inclement weather or prolonged harsh sunlight to ensure its longevity and preserve its vibrant appearance.
What is the difference between faux stained glass and traditional stained glass?
The fundamental difference lies in their construction and materials. Traditional stained glass is created by cutting pieces of colored glass into desired shapes and then joining them together using strips of lead or copper foil, which are then soldered. This process creates a tangible, three-dimensional panel where the color is inherent to the glass itself.
Faux or simulated stained glass, on the other hand, is a painting technique applied to a flat, transparent surface, usually glass or acrylic. It employs specialized translucent paints to create the colored sections and a raised, opaque outlining medium (often resembling black or dark brown paint) to mimic the appearance of lead came. The result is an artistic representation of stained glass, achieving a similar visual effect without the intricate glass cutting and leading work.
How do I choose the right stained glass painting for my space?
When selecting a stained glass painting, consider the size and scale of your window or display area. A small painting might get lost on a large window, while an oversized piece could overwhelm a smaller space. Think about the colors already present in your room and choose a painting that either complements or provides a striking contrast to your existing decor.
Also, consider the style of the artwork. Stained glass paintings come in various designs, from intricate traditional patterns and religious motifs to modern abstract designs and nature-inspired scenes. Look for a piece that resonates with your personal taste and the overall aesthetic you want to achieve. Reading reviews can also be helpful to gauge the quality of the materials and the vibrancy of the colors from other buyers.
Final Verdict
Choosing the best stained glass paintings involves a thoughtful consideration of artistry, craftsmanship, and personal aesthetic. Our comprehensive review has illuminated the exceptional quality and unique beauty offered by a diverse range of artists and styles, ensuring you can find a piece that not only elevates your space but also resonates deeply with your individual taste. From intricate traditional designs to bold contemporary interpretations, the world of stained glass paintings offers a timeless and captivating way to infuse light and color into your home or collection.
Ultimately, investing in a stained glass painting is an investment in enduring beauty and artisanal skill. By leveraging the insights and recommendations provided in this guide, you are well-equipped to make an informed decision, confident in your ability to select a piece that will be a source of joy and admiration for years to come. Embrace the opportunity to own a truly unique work of art that transforms ordinary light into extraordinary visual experiences.