For artists and designers, the quest for the perfect drawing setup often centers on the ideal workspace. While a quality desk and the right tools are crucial, the often-overlooked element that can significantly impact comfort, posture, and ultimately, creativity, is the chair. Hours spent hunched over a drawing board or in front of a screen demand a chair that not only supports your body but also allows for free movement and precise positioning. This is where the importance of selecting the right seating solution becomes paramount, ensuring your artistic journey is as comfortable and productive as possible.
Navigating the vast array of office chairs can be daunting, especially when you have specific needs like those of a drawer. You need a chair that offers exceptional lumbar support, adjustable armrests for varied drawing angles, and a stable base that allows for smooth swiveling and gliding across your workspace. To help you find the ultimate throne for your creative endeavors, we’ve scoured the market and tested numerous options to bring you a comprehensive guide to the best office chairs for drawing. Our in-depth reviews and buying advice will equip you with the knowledge to make an informed decision, ensuring your creative flow is never interrupted by discomfort.
Before we get to our review of the best office chairs for drawing, let’s browse through some relevant products on Amazon:
Last update on 2025-09-01 / Paid links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
Office Chairs Designed for Artists: Finding Your Best Office Chairs For Drawing
For creatives who spend countless hours hunched over a drawing board or tablet, the right office chair isn’t just a piece of furniture; it’s a critical tool for comfort, posture, and productivity. Unlike standard office chairs, those optimized for drawing often incorporate features that cater to the unique demands of artistic work. This includes considerations for sustained focus, the need for a wide range of motion, and the ability to maintain an ergonomic posture for extended periods, preventing the aches and pains that can stifle creativity.
The primary difference lies in adjustability and support. Chairs suitable for drawing typically offer more comprehensive lumbar support, adjustable armrests that can be positioned at various heights and angles to accommodate drawing postures, and often a higher seat height range to allow artists to get closer to their work surfaces. The ability to swivel freely and smoothly is also paramount, enabling artists to reach different parts of their canvas or screen without straining.
When searching for the best office chairs for drawing, look for breathable materials to prevent overheating during long sessions. Features like a waterfall seat edge can improve circulation in the legs, further contributing to overall comfort. The stability of the chair is also important, ensuring it won’t tip or shift unexpectedly when leaning or reaching.
Ultimately, an office chair for drawing should be seen as an investment in your health and your art. By understanding the specific needs of your creative process and seeking out chairs designed with those needs in mind, you can create a more comfortable and productive studio environment.
Top 5 Best Office Chairs For Drawing
Steelcase Leap 503019
The Steelcase Leap is a perennial favorite for a reason, offering exceptional ergonomic support that is crucial for extended drawing sessions. Its proprietary LiveBack technology dynamically adjusts to your spine, providing continuous lumbar support as you move. The seat depth and height are highly adjustable, allowing you to find the perfect posture for your drawing board or easel. The chairβs breathable mesh back ensures comfort even during long hours, preventing overheating.
Beyond its impressive adjustability, the Leap boasts a durable construction built to withstand the rigors of daily use. The armrests are also highly adjustable, moving up, down, in, out, and even pivoting, which is fantastic for finding a comfortable position for your arms while sketching or illustrating. While it comes with a higher price tag, the investment in your comfort and spinal health is undeniably worthwhile for any serious artist or designer.
Herman Miller Aeron 114102
The Herman Miller Aeron is an iconic piece of office furniture, and its suitability for drawing is well-established. Its Pellicle mesh material offers unparalleled breathability and conforms to your body, distributing weight evenly and reducing pressure points. The PostureFit SL back support system provides targeted lumbar support in two zones, promoting healthy posture and reducing fatigue. The chairβs tilt mechanism allows for smooth reclining, which can be helpful for taking short breaks or repositioning yourself.
The Aeronβs build quality is second to none, ensuring years of reliable service. The adjustable lumbar support is a key feature, allowing you to customize the level of support to your specific needs, which is invaluable when hunched over a drawing. The 4D adjustable armrests provide ample freedom of movement, ensuring they don’t hinder your creative process. While expensive, the Aeron is an investment in long-term comfort and well-being for dedicated artists.
Humanscale Freedom 4340
The Humanscale Freedom chair is designed with intuitive, synchronous recline, meaning the seat and back move together in a natural ratio, promoting continuous contact with the backrest. This is ideal for drawing as it encourages micro-movements and prevents stiffness. The chair features an integrated headrest that moves with you, providing support for your neck as you lean in to focus on your work. The unique counter-balance recline requires no levers to adjust, making it incredibly easy to find your perfect position.
The Freedom chairβs self-adjusting lumbar support automatically conforms to your body, eliminating the need for manual adjustments. The armrests are attached to the back of the chair, moving with the recline and staying with you as you shift your position, which is a significant benefit when drawing at various angles. Its minimalist design is also aesthetically pleasing, fitting well into any studio environment.
ErgoTask Ergo-2024
The ErgoTask Ergo-2024 offers a fantastic blend of ergonomic features and affordability, making it a strong contender for artists on a budget. It boasts a highly breathable mesh back and a generously padded seat, ensuring comfort during long drawing sessions. The lumbar support is adjustable, allowing you to tailor the level of support to your lower back. The seat height and depth are also easily adjustable, enabling you to achieve an optimal drawing posture.
This chair provides a good range of motion with its tilt mechanism and smooth-rolling casters, allowing for easy repositioning around your workspace. The armrests are adjustable in height, offering a comfortable resting place for your arms. While it might not have all the advanced, proprietary technologies of higher-end models, the Ergo-2024 delivers excellent core ergonomic support that is crucial for anyone spending extended periods drawing.
Branch Ergonomic Chair 2001
The Branch Ergonomic Chair is a well-rounded option that balances advanced ergonomics with a more accessible price point. Its breathable mesh back and contoured seat provide ample comfort and support. The adjustable lumbar support is a standout feature, allowing you to fine-tune the lower back support to your preference. The seat height, depth, and tilt tension are all easily adjustable, ensuring you can find a comfortable and supportive posture for your drawing tasks.
The armrests are 4-directional, meaning they can be adjusted in height, width, depth, and angle, providing significant flexibility for arm and shoulder positioning while drawing. The chairβs build quality is robust, and it feels stable and supportive. For artists seeking a chair that offers significant ergonomic benefits without breaking the bank, the Branch Ergonomic Chair is a highly practical and effective choice.
The Essential Role of Office Chairs for Drawing
Drawing, whether for professional artistic endeavors or casual creative expression, demands a specific set of ergonomic considerations that traditional seating often fails to provide. Unlike general office work where the primary focus is typing and screen interaction, drawing involves prolonged periods of focused posture, often with the body angled towards a drawing surface. This can lead to significant strain on the back, neck, and wrists if the seating is not designed to support these sustained positions. A good drawing chair needs to offer adjustable height and lumbar support to accommodate various drawing styles and desk heights, ensuring comfort and preventing the physical fatigue that can hinder creativity.
The ability to fine-tune seating is paramount for artists. Drawing often requires leaning in, tilting the body, or reaching for different tools, necessitating a chair that can adapt without compromising posture. Features like adjustable armrests can be crucial for supporting the drawing arm, reducing tension in the shoulder and elbow. Similarly, the ability to swivel and move freely allows for greater maneuverability around the workspace, facilitating access to sketchbooks, reference materials, and different parts of the drawing. These dynamic adjustments contribute to a more fluid and comfortable creative process, allowing the artist to remain immersed in their work for longer periods.
Furthermore, the long-term health implications of inadequate seating are a significant concern for anyone who spends considerable time drawing. Poor posture enforced by an unsuitable chair can contribute to chronic pain, repetitive strain injuries, and even more serious musculoskeletal issues over time. Investing in a chair specifically designed with artists in mind, or seeking out the best office chairs for drawing, is an investment in the artist’s physical well-being. This proactive approach can prevent future discomfort and ensure the longevity of their artistic career by maintaining a healthy and pain-free body.
Ultimately, a dedicated drawing chair elevates the entire artistic experience. It transforms a potentially uncomfortable and physically taxing activity into one that is supported, comfortable, and conducive to sustained focus and creativity. By providing the necessary ergonomic support, adjustability, and freedom of movement, the right office chair allows artists to concentrate on their craft rather than on their discomfort, unlocking greater potential and a more enjoyable creative journey.
Key Features to Look For in a Drawing Chair
When selecting an office chair specifically for drawing, several key features stand out as crucial for both comfort and functionality. Lumbar support is paramount, as extended periods of drawing can strain the lower back. Look for chairs with adjustable lumbar support that can be positioned to cradle the natural curve of your spine. Similarly, adjustable armrests are highly beneficial, allowing you to find a comfortable height that supports your arms without impeding your drawing motion or causing shoulder tension. The ability to adjust armrest width can also be a plus, accommodating different working styles and the need to move freely.
Beyond basic support, consider the adjustability of the seat itself. A height-adjustable seat is standard, but the range of height adjustment is important to ensure you can position yourself at the ideal height relative to your drawing surface, whether it’s a drafting table or a standard desk. A seat depth adjustment allows you to tailor the chair’s fit to your leg length, preventing pressure behind the knees and promoting healthy circulation. The presence of a tilt mechanism, and specifically a synchronized tilt that allows the backrest and seat to move in conjunction, can provide dynamic support and encourage subtle movement throughout your drawing sessions.
Material and durability are also important considerations. Breathable mesh or fabric upholstery can prevent overheating during long work periods, which is especially important in warmer environments or for those who tend to get warm while concentrating. High-quality casters are essential for smooth and easy movement across your workspace, whether on carpet or hard floors, without damaging the flooring. Finally, the overall build quality and weight capacity of the chair should be assessed to ensure it can withstand regular use and provide reliable support for years to come.
Ergonomic Considerations for Artists
The demands of drawing often involve a unique set of ergonomic challenges that differ from typical office work. Artists frequently lean forward, contort their bodies, and hold their drawing tools for extended periods, all of which can lead to specific physical strains. Therefore, an ergonomic chair for drawing must prioritize a posture that supports the spineβs natural S-curve while allowing for freedom of movement and the ability to get close to the work. This means avoiding chairs that force an overly upright or rigid posture, which can restrict creative flow and lead to discomfort.
A crucial ergonomic aspect for artists is the ability to comfortably position themselves at various angles to their drawing surface. This might involve a chair with a deeper seat or one that allows for significant forward tilt. The armrests should be adjustable enough to support the forearms without hindering the delicate movements required for sketching or detail work. Furthermore, the chair’s base and casters play a role in allowing artists to easily pivot and reposition themselves around their easel or drawing board, facilitating a more dynamic and less sedentary working process.
When reviewing chairs, pay attention to the backrestβs design. A contoured backrest that molds to the spine can provide excellent support, but it shouldn’t be so rigid that it prevents the slight leaning and shifting artists often do. Some chairs offer a more open design or a mesh back that allows for better airflow and a less restrictive feel. Ultimately, the best ergonomic chair for drawing is one that adapts to the artist’s fluid movements and unique working postures, promoting comfort and preventing the development of repetitive strain injuries.
Maintenance and Care Tips for Your Drawing Chair
Proper maintenance of your office chair will ensure its longevity and continued comfort, especially if it’s a key piece of equipment for your artistic endeavors. Regular cleaning of the upholstery is essential to prevent the buildup of dust, stray graphite, charcoal, or paint particles that can accumulate over time. For fabric chairs, vacuuming with an upholstery attachment can remove loose debris. For more stubborn stains, spot cleaning with a mild soap and water solution or a specialized upholstery cleaner is recommended, always testing in an inconspicuous area first.
For chairs with mesh or leather components, specific cleaning methods apply. Mesh can typically be cleaned with a damp cloth and mild soap, ensuring it dries thoroughly to prevent mold or mildew. Leather requires specialized leather cleaners and conditioners to maintain its suppleness and prevent cracking. Regularly check and tighten any loose screws or bolts on the chairβs frame, armrests, and base. This is particularly important for chairs that are frequently adjusted or moved, as vibrations can cause components to loosen over time, affecting stability and safety.
The casters are often overlooked but are vital for smooth operation. Periodically check the casters for any tangled hair, threads, or debris that might be obstructing their rotation. These can usually be removed with scissors or tweezers. If the casters feel stiff or jerky, consider lubricating them with a silicone-based lubricant. For chairs with gas lift mechanisms, while generally maintenance-free, be mindful of sudden drops or resistance, which might indicate a need for professional servicing or replacement if the chair is still under warranty.
Alternatives to Traditional Office Chairs for Drawing
While traditional office chairs offer a familiar starting point, artists seeking optimal comfort and functionality for drawing might explore a range of specialized alternatives. Drafting stools are a popular choice, often featuring a higher seat height suitable for use with drafting tables or standing desks. Many come with a footrest ring, providing crucial support for the legs when seated at elevated heights. These stools can offer excellent freedom of movement and a more upright posture that some artists find conducive to their creative process, particularly for larger-scale works.
Another category of alternatives includes specialized artist chairs and stools designed with the unique needs of creatives in mind. These might include features like built-in tool trays, adjustable backrests that allow for significant recline, or even padded seats with ergonomic contours specifically engineered to reduce pressure points during long drawing sessions. Some avant-garde designs focus on promoting active sitting or incorporate rocking mechanisms, encouraging subtle movement that can aid circulation and prevent stiffness.
Finally, for those who prefer a more floor-based or unconventional approach, options like meditation cushions, floor chairs, or even specialized drawing easels with integrated seating can be considered. While not office chairs in the traditional sense, these alternatives cater to a different working style that prioritizes proximity to the ground or a more relaxed, unconventional posture. The key is to identify a seating solution that supports your body comfortably and allows you to focus on your art without distraction or physical discomfort.
Your Ultimate Buying Guide: Finding the Best Office Chairs for Drawing
For artists and designers who spend hours at their drawing board or digital canvas, the right chair isn’t just a piece of furniture; it’s a critical tool for comfort, productivity, and long-term well-being. Unlike a standard office chair, a chair optimized for drawing needs to support sustained, often focused, postures. It should facilitate freedom of movement, allow for precise adjustments, and reduce strain on your back, neck, and wrists. This guide will walk you through the essential factors to consider when selecting the best office chairs for drawing, ensuring your creative sessions are as comfortable and efficient as possible.
Ergonomic Support and Adjustability
The cornerstone of any excellent drawing chair is its ability to provide comprehensive ergonomic support and offer a wide range of adjustability. When you’re engaged in detailed work, your body maintains a specific posture for extended periods. This means the chair must actively support your natural spinal curves, preventing slouching and promoting a healthy, upright position. Look for features like adjustable lumbar support that can be positioned to meet the unique curve of your lower back, adjustable armrests that can be moved up, down, forward, and backward to support your forearms and wrists without raising your shoulders, and a seat pan that can be adjusted for depth to ensure proper thigh support without digging into the back of your knees.
Beyond basic lumbar support, consider the overall contouring of the seat and backrest. A well-designed chair will cradle your body, distributing weight evenly and reducing pressure points. The adjustability should extend to seat height, allowing you to position yourself at the optimal height relative to your drawing surface, whether it’s a drafting table, an easel, or a desk with a tablet. The ability to tilt the backrest independently of the seat can also be invaluable, allowing you to lean back and relax your muscles between bursts of intense focus. The more customizable the chair, the better it can adapt to your individual body and drawing style, making it a truly personalized and supportive workspace.
Seat Comfort and Material
The comfort of the seat is paramount, as it’s the primary point of contact between you and the chair. For prolonged drawing sessions, a seat that offers adequate cushioning without being overly soft is ideal. Too soft, and you risk sinking into the chair, compromising your posture. Too firm, and you’ll experience discomfort and pressure points. High-density foam is often a good indicator of quality and durability, maintaining its shape and support over time. Consider the shape of the seat pan as well; waterfall edges, which curve downwards at the front, help reduce pressure on the backs of your thighs, improving circulation and preventing numbness.
The material of the seat and backrest also plays a significant role in comfort, especially in relation to temperature regulation. Breathable mesh is a popular choice for drawing chairs as it allows for excellent airflow, preventing heat buildup and keeping you cool and comfortable even during long creative sessions. Fabric options can also be comfortable, but ensure they are durable and don’t snag easily. Leather or faux leather can look sophisticated, but they can also trap heat and become sticky in warmer environments. Think about the overall feel of the material against your skin and whether it aligns with your personal preferences and the climate of your workspace.
Armrest Functionality and Support
Armrests are often overlooked, but for drawing, they are crucial for providing forearm and wrist support, which can significantly reduce fatigue and prevent strain. The ideal armrests for drawing should be highly adjustable, allowing you to position them precisely to match the height and angle of your drawing surface. This enables your forearms to rest comfortably and naturally, taking the weight off your shoulders and neck. Look for armrests that can move up and down, pivot inwards and outwards, and slide forward and backward.
The padding and material of the armrests are also important. They should be firm enough to offer solid support but also have a degree of cushioning to prevent discomfort. Avoid armrests that are too hard or have sharp edges. Some chairs offer 4D adjustable armrests, which provide the most comprehensive range of motion, allowing for adjustments in all three dimensions plus rotation. This level of adjustability is particularly beneficial for artists who may use different drawing tools or techniques that require varied arm positioning. Well-designed armrests are not just about comfort; they are about enabling better precision and endurance in your drawing work.
Base Stability and Mobility
The stability and mobility of the chair’s base are critical for both safety and functionality. A drawing chair should have a sturdy five-star base to prevent tipping, especially when you might lean or shift your weight. The casters (wheels) should be designed to roll smoothly on your specific floor surface. For hard floors, softer casters are generally preferred to prevent scratching. For carpeted floors, harder casters are usually more appropriate to allow for easier movement. Some chairs offer the option to swap out casters or come with both types.
Consider the weight capacity of the chair and its base to ensure it can comfortably and safely support your weight. Beyond just rolling, think about the overall maneuverability. You’ll likely need to reposition your chair frequently as you move around your workspace or adjust your view of your artwork. The ability to swivel 360 degrees smoothly is essential for accessing different parts of your drawing surface or interacting with other elements in your studio. A chair that glides effortlessly allows for more fluid movements, contributing to a more dynamic and less restrictive creative process.
Backrest Height and Lumbar Support
The backrest of a drawing chair needs to provide adequate support for your entire spine, not just your lower back. When drawing, you might lean forward, sit upright, or even recline slightly. The backrest should accommodate these various postures comfortably and maintain proper spinal alignment. A backrest that is too short might not offer sufficient support for your upper back and shoulders, leading to strain. Look for a backrest that is tall enough to support your shoulders and potentially your head if you tend to lean back.
The lumbar support, as mentioned earlier, is crucial. It should be adjustable in both height and depth, allowing you to customize its position to your specific needs. Some chairs have built-in, non-adjustable lumbar support, which can be hit or miss depending on your body shape. For the best office chairs for drawing, prioritize those with dynamic lumbar support that can be fine-tuned. This ensures that as you move and shift, the support remains in the optimal position, cradling your lower back and preventing the development of discomfort or pain over long periods of focused work.
Build Quality and Durability
Investing in a well-built and durable drawing chair is essential, as it will be subjected to significant use. Look for chairs constructed from high-quality materials, such as robust steel for the frame and base, and high-density foams for the cushioning. The upholstery material should be tough and resistant to wear and tear. Check reviews and product descriptions for information about the chair’s construction and warranty. A longer warranty period can often be an indicator of the manufacturer’s confidence in the product’s longevity.
Consider the mechanisms for adjustment. Smooth, precise, and reliable adjustment levers and knobs are a sign of good build quality. If the adjustment mechanisms feel loose, flimsy, or difficult to operate, it could be an early indicator of potential problems down the line. A well-made chair will feel solid and stable, without any creaking or wobbling. Durability means the chair will maintain its ergonomic features and comfort for years to come, making it a wise long-term investment for your creative practice and overall physical well-being.
FAQs
What makes an office chair good for drawing?
A good office chair for drawing prioritizes adjustability and support for long periods of sitting. This includes features like adjustable seat height, backrest angle, and armrest height to accommodate various drawing postures and desk setups. Lumbar support is crucial to prevent fatigue and maintain good posture, especially when hunched over a drawing board.
Furthermore, the chair should offer comfortable padding without being overly soft, providing a stable base for precise movements. Breathable materials are a bonus for extended drawing sessions, preventing discomfort and overheating. The ability to swivel and move freely also contributes to an efficient workflow, allowing artists to reach different areas of their workspace with ease.
What are the key features to look for in a drawing chair?
When selecting a chair for drawing, prioritize robust lumbar support to maintain spinal alignment during prolonged creative sessions. Adjustable seat height and depth are essential for ensuring your feet are flat on the floor and your knees are at a comfortable 90-degree angle. Look for a chair with a supportive, contoured backrest that can be tilted or reclined to suit your preferred working position.
Armrests are also important, but their adjustability is key; they should be able to move up, down, and possibly in or out to support your forearms without restricting your drawing arm’s movement. A sturdy base with smooth-rolling casters allows for easy maneuvering around your workspace, while durable, breathable upholstery enhances comfort and longevity.
How important is lumbar support for drawing?
Lumbar support is exceptionally important for drawing because artists often spend many consecutive hours in a seated position, frequently leaning forward. Proper lumbar support helps maintain the natural curve of your lower spine, reducing strain on the back muscles and preventing the development of discomfort or long-term postural issues. Without adequate support, the natural S-curve of the spine can flatten, leading to muscle fatigue and potential pain.
Investing in a chair with adjustable lumbar support allows you to customize the level of cushioning and position to your specific needs. This proactive approach to spinal health is vital for anyone who relies on sitting for extended periods, particularly in a creative field where focus and comfort are paramount for productivity and well-being.
Are there specific materials best suited for drawing chairs?
For drawing chairs, breathable materials are highly recommended, especially for longer sessions. Mesh upholstery is a popular choice as it allows for excellent airflow, keeping you cool and comfortable. Fabric upholstery can also be comfortable and breathable, though some types might retain heat more than mesh.
While leather and faux leather can offer a premium look and feel, they can become warm and sticky during prolonged use, potentially hindering comfort. Therefore, prioritizing materials that promote ventilation and wick away moisture will significantly enhance your drawing experience.
How does the adjustability of an office chair impact drawing?
The adjustability of an office chair directly impacts drawing by allowing you to fine-tune your seating position for optimal comfort and control. Being able to adjust the seat height ensures your drawing surface is at the correct ergonomic level, preventing neck and shoulder strain. Similarly, adjustable backrests and recline functions allow you to shift your posture, reducing fatigue and maintaining focus during intricate work.
The ability to adjust armrests is also crucial for drawing. Properly positioned armrests can support your drawing arm, reducing muscle tension and allowing for greater precision and stability. Overall, a highly adjustable chair enables you to create a personalized and supportive workspace that accommodates the unique physical demands of artistic creation.
Can a drawing chair be too specialized, limiting its use?
While chairs designed specifically for drawing offer many benefits, it’s true that some features might make them less versatile for general office tasks. For instance, a chair with a very specific tilt range or unique armrest configurations might not be ideal for typing or attending video conferences. The key is to find a balance between specialized ergonomic features for drawing and broader functionality.
If you primarily use your chair for drawing and only occasionally for other office tasks, a specialized chair might be perfectly suitable. However, if you need a multi-purpose chair, look for one that offers excellent adjustability and comfort suitable for drawing, but also includes features like stable armrests for typing and a supportive upright position for general computer use.
What is the price range for quality office chairs suitable for drawing?
The price range for quality office chairs suitable for drawing can vary significantly depending on the brand, materials, and the number of adjustable features. Entry-level options that offer basic ergonomic support and adjustability might start around $200-$300. Mid-range chairs, which provide more advanced features like superior lumbar support, multiple adjustment points, and higher-quality upholstery, typically fall between $400-$700.
High-end chairs from reputable manufacturers, known for their exceptional build quality, durability, extensive adjustability, and premium materials, can easily range from $800 upwards to over $1000. Investing in a higher-priced chair often translates to better ergonomics, greater comfort, and longer-term durability, which can be beneficial for artists who spend significant time drawing.
Verdict
Investing in the right office chair is paramount for any artist dedicated to their craft. As we’ve explored, the ideal chair for drawing goes beyond mere comfort; it’s about ergonomic support, adjustability, and the ability to foster sustained focus and creativity. By prioritizing features like lumbar support, adjustable armrests, and breathable materials, you’re not just choosing furniture; you’re investing in your physical well-being and the longevity of your artistic career. Remember, a comfortable artist is a productive artist, and the chairs highlighted in this guide represent the pinnacle of what’s available to enhance your drawing experience.
Ultimately, finding the best office chairs for drawing is a personal journey, but one that is significantly illuminated by understanding the key elements that contribute to optimal performance and comfort. Whether you’re sketching delicate lines or rendering bold strokes, the right seating solution can make all the difference. Take the time to consider your individual needs and the specific demands of your artistic practice, and you’ll discover a chair that not only supports your body but also inspires your artistic vision, session after session.